# Camera Control ## Exposure ### Under Exposure and Over Exposure - Exposure = Aperture + Shutter + ISO - Histogram = a graphic representation of distribution of overall tone value - Use your light meter to determine - Incident Light Meter - Reflected Light Meter - more common ### Reflected Light Meter & Meter Modes - Treat the middle light it measures as middle gray, i.e. assumes it reflect 18% of the light - Meters work best when the scene is evenly lit - Metering Modes - Evaluative/Matrix/Multi - measure multiple regions and figure out the best result - Center Weighted - measures the middle area, used in portraits - Spot, Partial - usually used in extreme high contrast ### Equivalent Exposure Combinations & MAPS ![[hamburger-fotospots-cheat-card.jpg]] - Manual Mode - sets shutter speed and aperture manually - Aperture Priority Mode - Chooses the aperture first, others are calculated - To ensure the deep/shallow depth of field - Program Mode - Automatically adjusts shutter speed and aperture - Best when you have to make decisions quickly - Shutter Priority Mode - Chooses the shutter speed first, others are calculated - Best when movement is involved ### Stop Action and Blur - Choosing a fast enough shutter speed - The direction of the movement. If it's directly moving towards you or away from you, slower shutter speed is acceptable - The distance of the subject, closer = higher shutter speed - The focal length, telephoto lens = higher shutter speed - Shutter Lag and Focus Lag ## The Lens ### Focal Length Basics - Pupil focal length = 17mm in average - "Normal" depends on sensor size - Full Frame 36mm x 24mm -> 50mm - APS-C 17mm x 23mm -> 30mm - Four Thirds 21mm x 17mm -> 25mm - Diagonal of the film/sensor is the normal focal length! - "Normal" is about perspective, not about the field of view - Perspective is not only a function of objects, but also of the position of the camera. ### Focal Lens Effects ### Focal Lens Specialties ### Lens Accessories