# Mental Illness Refer to [[therapy]] for therapies to mental illnesses. ## Diagnosis - Defining abnormal, how ==_maladaptive_== it is. It's about being odd in a way that's causing real problems. - Classifying Disorders - First step towards treatment - Relives people from their responsibility for their problems - Can falsely suggest cluster of symptoms - Can result in stereotypes - Can suggest understanding that's not really there - [DSM-5-TR](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787) = The Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders - Axis 1: Major Clinical Syndromes - Axis 2: Personality Disorders - Axis 3: Physical Disorders - Axis 4: Severity of Recent Stress - Axis 5: Global Assessment of Functionality ![[anxiety-disorder-diagnosis-procedure.png]] - Classification of Continuum. ## Anxiety Disorders - Panic Attacks - 1.6%, women twice likely - Periods of acute terror lasting from minutes to hours. Can't see any danger, but feel the danger. - Cause: [[brain-structure|Amygdala]] becomes active for no reason. - Phobic Disorders - e.g. agoraphobia, which can be more complex - acrophobia, xenophobia, mysophobia, claustrophobia, hydrophobia - Cause: similar to panic attacks, certain association - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. - e.g. Obsessive doubt or uncertainty, obsessive fear of doing something prohibited... - Dissociative Disorders - Anxiety is reduced via a sudden disruption in consciousness, which may cause changes in memory or identity. - Dissociative Amnesia - Dissociative Fugue - abrupt identity shift - Dissociative Identity Disorder - additional personality created to help deal the stress (_Psycho_?) ## Disorders of Emotion - Major Depressive Disorder - A sad and apathetic mood - Feelings of worthlessness and helpless - A desire to withdraw from other people - Sleepless; lost of appetite and sexual desire - Either lethargy or agitation - Incidence rate - Female more than male - Bipolar Disorders - Bipolar I Disorder - Episodes of mania, "nonstop orgasm", usually mixed with periods of major depression - Bipolar II Disorder - Periods of major depression mixed with occasion less intense periods of mania (hypomanic episodes) - Cognitive Causes - Negative thoughts, "Self-fulfilling prophecies". [Ekman experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ekman), what you think and do will control your emotional state (to some extent) - Overblow small negatives into very large ones - Blame on stable personal inadequacies - Exacerbated by negative life events. - Biological Causes - genetic, biochemical, sleep cycles - Postpartum period ## Schizophrenia - Schizophrenic Disorders - Literally "split mind", but does not involve multiple personalities - A group of disorders, including distortions of thought, perception and emotion; bizarre behavior; and social withdrawal - Twice prevalence as Alzheimer! - Positive Symptoms (i.e. normal people don't experience) - Hallucinations (typically auditory, patients don't take **ownership** of the voices in head, related to the excessive activation level of [[brain-structure#Temporal Lobe|Wernicke's area]] towards internal voice) - Delusions of persecution/control/grandeur - Patients feel like they are capable of seeing things that others can't see. - Medication eliminates the above symptoms, but patients may not want to take them! - Negative Symptoms - Disorganized speech - Types - Paranoid - delusions, functions relatively intact - Disorganized - Catatonic - bizarre, immobile, relentless, prominent motor behaviors - Undifferentiated - Types Cont. - Residual - Only negative symptoms - Reactive - Rapid onset and brief duration, caused by stress - Process - Gradual onset ## Personality Disorders - Personality Disorders - Impairment in social or occupational functioning - Now called _Disassociative Identity Disorder_ - Odd/Eccentric: Schizoid, Paranoid, Schizotypal - Dramatic/Emotional: Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic - Anxious Fearful: Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive/Compulsive - Psychopathy = extreme of anti-social personality - Psychopath have theory of mind, but not empathy. - The somehow blocked the feel of pain, they don't think they're wrong! - Borderline Personality Disorders - Difficulty controlling themselves, binge eating, etc. - Hard time relating to other people. - [[brain-structure#Frontal Lobe|Frontal areas]] that control emotions are less active. - A combination of causes and disorders.